La opinión militar española sobre la pérdida de las colonias en 1898
Keywords:
militares, Cuba, independencia, opinión pública, 1898, military officers, independence, public opinionAbstract
La reacción española tras la pérdida de las colonias de ultramar fue dura. Se acusa a los militares
de ineficacia y de haber llevado a la derrota a los españoles. Éstos se sienten agredidos por la opinión pública, y reaccionan criminalizando la política, y reclamando más autonomía. Este artículo se centra en estudiar las principales interpretaciones que los militares españoles hicieron sobre la derrota. Con actitud defensiva, tratando de “salvar su honor”, los militares españoles critican con dureza las medidas políticas que les condicionaron, y “justifican” sus actuaciones como las únicas posibles. Del texto se deriva que los militares españoles no midieron bien al enemigo que tenían enfrente, y que confundieron el proceso de independencia, y los deseos de los diferentes pueblos, con la sublevación de unos pocos “rebeldes indeseables”, que podían ser neutralizados exclusivamente a través del uso de la fuerza. Su derrota la justifican por los cambios que los políticos españoles hicieron sobre sus estrategias, y por la participación clave de las fuerzas militares de los Estados Unidos, que intimida a los políticos españoles condicionando la retirada. Los militares no se sienten derrotados en el campo de batalla, y piden explicaciones a la sociedad española, sin mostrar ningún atisbo de autocrítica.
Spanish reaction to loosing her overseas colonies was a tough one. The Spanish military establishment was accused of being inefficient and of leading the Spaniards to defeat. The military establishment were hurt by public opinion and they reacted by criminalising politics and demanding greater independence. This article focuses on the main interpretations made by Spanish military officers of the defeat. On the defensive, trying to "save their honour", Spanish military officers were highly critical of the political measures that constrained them and they "justified" their actions as the only ones possible. From the text, one can deduce that the Spanish officer class misjudged the enemy they faced, and they mistook the process of independence and the wishes of the different peoples, for an up-rising by a few "undesirable rebels", who could only be neutralised by the use of force. They explain their defeat by the changes made by Spanish politicians to their strategies, and by the key participation of the military forces of the United States of America, which intimidated the Spanish political class, leading to retreat. Spanish officers did not feel defeated on the battle field, and they demanded explanations from Spanish society, without showing the least sign of selfcriticism.
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