The African diaspora as a reflection and transformative subject of international relations, based on the concept of sankofa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51349/veg.2026.1.03Keywords:
African diaspora, global history, international relations, sankofaAbstract
The African diaspora is a crucial space from which to think about Africa's place in the world, to understand the agency of African actors and their constraints, and to make visible both the global configurations of power and the imprint of racism on them. Adopting the comprehensive analytical prism of the sankofa concept and drawing on a sustained reflexive effort to review the relevant literature, this text examines the African diaspora, with its changes and continuities, as a relevant epistemic site for explaining, deconstructing and reconfiguring the history of international relations. It concludes by advocating for greater recognition of the agency of the African diaspora to think critically about global power structures and to overcome the Eurocentric view of international relations.
Downloads
References
ABU-TARBUSH, José; CABRERA ABU, Nasara (2023): Explicando las diásporas políticas, Relaciones Internacionales, 54: 113–132. https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2023.54.006
ADISA, Jinmi (2017): «The African Union Perspective on the Diaspora», en Jack Mangala (ed.) Africa and its Global Diaspora. The Policy and Politics of Emigration, Springer, Cham: 39-57.
AKYEAMPONG, Emmanuel (2000): «Africans in the Diaspora: The Diaspora and Africa», en African Affairs, vol. 99, nº 395: 183–215.
AU – African Union (2003): «Protocol on Amendments to the Constitutive Act of the African Union», 11 de julio, disponible en: https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-amendments-constitutive-act-african-union.
AU – African Union (2019): «List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the protocol on the amendments to the constitutive act of the African Union», 16 de julio, disponible en: https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-amendments-constitutive-act-african-union.
BUTLER, Kim D. (2010): «Clio and the Griot: The African Diaspora in the Discipline of History», en Tejumola Olaniyan; James H. Sweet (eds.) The African Diaspora and the Disciplines, Indiana University Press, Bloomington: 31-52.
COOPER, Frederick (2014): Africa in the World. Capitalism, Empire, Nation State, Harvard University Press, Harvard.
DOS SANTOS SOARES, Alfredo (2017): «Migración y desarrollo: el rol de la diáspora a la luz de la Agenda 2063 de la Unión Africana», en Migraciones Internacionales, nº 130: 99-116.
DU BOIS, William E. B. (1900): «Address to the Nations of the World», en W.E.B. Du Bois Speaks, Speeches and Addresses. 1890-1919, Pathfinder Press, Nueva York: 124-127.
DU BOIS, William E. B. (1946): The World and Africa: An Inquiry into the Part which Africa Has Played in World History, International Publishers, Nueva York.
FLAHAUX, Marie-Laurence; DE HAAS, Hein (2016): « African migration: trends, patterns, drivers », en Comparative Migration Studies, vol. 4, nº 1, ps. 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-015-0015-6.
FOZDAR, Farida; PROUT QUICKE, Sarah; y MICKLER, David (2022): «Are Africans in Australia a Diaspora? », en Diaspora Studies, vol. 15, nº 1: 87-117. https://doi.org/10.1163/09763457-20221002
GABRIELLI, Lorenzo (2007): «Les enjeux de la sécurisation de la question migratoire dans les relations de l'Union européenne avec l'Afrique. Un essai d'analyse», en Politique européenne, vol. 22, nº 2: 149 à 173, https://doi.org/10.3917/poeu.022.0149.
GARCÍA LÓPEZ, Yeison (2023): Madrid Negro, 4 de noviembre 2023, Conferencia en el Museo del Prado de Madrid, en el ciclo «Poetas en el Prado III: Abracadabra», disponible en: https://www.museodelprado.es/actualidad/multimedia/madrid-negro/cb88d640-0ea2-0adb-7098-2bb427f50364.
GNAMMANKOU, Dieudonné (2005): African Diaspora in Europe, en Melvin EMBER; Carel R. EMBER; lan SKOGGARD (eds.) Encyclopedia of Diasporas. lmmigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume 1. Overviwes and Topics, Springer, Nueva York: 15-24.
GONZÁLEZ RUIBAL, Alfredo et. al. (2021): Asia in the Horn. The Indian Ocean trade in Somaliland, Archaeological Research in Asia, vol. 21: 2-28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2021.100289.
GUEYE, Omar (2018): African History and Global History: Revisiting Paradigms, in Sven BECKERT; Dominic SACHSENMAIER (eds.) Global history, globally: research and practice around the world, Bloomsbury, London, pp. 83-107.
HARRIS, Joseph E. (1993): Introduction en Global dimensions of the African diaspora, Howard University Press, Washington D.C.: 3-8.
HARRIS, Joseph E. (1996): The Dynamics of the Global African Diaspora, en Jalloh ALUSINE y Stephen E. MAIZLISH (eds.) The African Diaspora, Texas A&M University Press, Arlington: 7–21.
HENDERSON, Errol A. (2013): Hidden in plain sight: racism in international relations theory, en Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 26, nº 1: 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2012.710585.
INIKORI, Joseph E. (ed.) (1982): Forced Migration. The impact of the export slave trade on African societies, Africana Publishing Company, Nueva York.
INIKORI, Joseph E. (1992): Africa in world history: the export slave trade from Africa and the emergence of the Atlantic economic order, en Bethwell A. OGOT, General History of Africa: Vol. 5 - Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, UNESCO y Heinemann, Oxford: 74-139.
IOM – International Organization for Migration (2019): International Migration Law. Glossary on Migration, IOM, Geneva.
JAMES, Cyril L. R. (1938): The Black Jacobins: Toussaint l’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, Secker & Warburg, Londres.
JAYASURIYA, Shihan de S.; PANKHURST, Richard (2003): The African diaspora in the Indian Ocean, Africa World Press, Asmara.
KABUNDA BADI, Mbuyi (2019): África en la academia y el estudio de relaciones internacionales en España: una asignatura pendiente, Comillas Journal of International Relations, nº 16, 118–137, https://doi.org/10.14422/cir.i16.y2019.009.
KOINOVA, Maria (2010): Diasporas and international politics: Utilising the universalistic creed of liberalism for particularistic and nationalist purposes, en Rainer BAUBÖCK y Thomas FAIST (eds.) Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam: 149-166.
LAO-MONTES, Agustín (2007): Hilos descoloniales. Trans-localizando los espacios de la diáspora africana, Tabula Rasa, nº 7: 47-79.
LINEBAUGH, Peter, y REDIKER, Marcus (2022): La hidra de la revolución. Marineros, esclavos y comuneros en la historia oculta del Atlántico, Traficantes de Sueños, Madrid.
MORGAN, Alaina M. (2023): Historical Sankofa: On Understanding Antiblack Violence in the Present through the African Diasporic Past, Modern Intellectual History, vol. 20, nº 2: 582-591. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244322000105.
NDLOVU-GATSHENI, Sabelo J. (2015): Decoloniality as the Future of Africa, History Compass, vol. 13, nº 10: 485–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12264.
NEGASH, Almaz (2021): La diáspora africana: Una fuerza positiva, en Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), El Futuro de las Diásporas, OIM, Ginebra: 37-40.
NIANG, Amy (2020): The slave, the migrant and the ontological topographies of the international, International Relations, vol. 34, nº 3: 333-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820946809.
OIM – Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (2013): Diáspora y desarrollo: tender puentes entre sociedades y Estados, OIM, Ginebra.
OIM – Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (2021): Reflexiones sobre el futuro de las diásporas, en El Futuro de las Diásporas, OIM, Ginebra: 45-50.
OROZCO, Manuel (2021): Reflexiones sobre el futuro de las diásporas, en Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), El Futuro de las Diásporas, OIM, Ginebra: 45-50.
ORTIZ FLORES, Leonardo Oliver; GUZMÁN CÁCERES, Maricela (2020): Las políticas de combate a la discriminación étnica a través del currículum. Tensiones en torno a la nación en Brasil, Revista de Educación, nº 387, 189-210.
OTELE, Olivette (2020): African Europeans. An untold history, Hurst, Londres. [Traducido al castellano por Los Libros de la Catarata, 2024.]
PALMER, Colin A. (2000): Defining and Studying the Modern African Diaspora, The Journal of Negro History, vol. 85, nº 1 y 2: 27–32.
PATTERSON, Tiffany Ruby; KELLEY, Robin D. G. (2000): Unfinished Migrations: Reflections on the African Diaspora and the Making of the Modern World, African Studies Review, vol. 43, nº 1, 2000: 11–45, https://doi.org/10.2307/524719.
SHAIN, Yossi; BARTH, Aharon (2003): Diasporas and international relations theory, International Organization, vol. 57, nº 3: 449-479.
SHEPPERSON, George (1993): African Diaspora: Concept and Context, en Joseph E. HARRIS (ed.) Global dimensions of the African diaspora, Howard University Press, Washington D.C.: 41-49.
SILVA SANTOS, Vanicléia (ed.) (2023) General history of Africa, X: Africa and its diasporas, UNESCO, París.
SOW, Papa (2007): Diásporas africanas y mundialización: de la representación histórica a la toma de conciencia, en INIESTA, Ferrán (ed.) África en Diáspora. Movimientos de población y políticas estatales, CIDOB, Barcelona: 135-150.
SPICER, Joaneath (ed.) (2012): Revealing the African presence in Renaissance Europe, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, disponible en: https://thewalters.org/wp-content/uploads/revealing-the-african-presence-in-renaissance-europe.pdf.
TAMIR, Christine; ANDERSON, Monica (2022): One-in-Ten Black People Living in the U.S. Are Immigrants, Pew Research Center, Report 202.419.4372, 20 de enero, informe disponible en: https://www.pewresearch.org/?p=109385.
TEMPLE, Christel N. (2010): The Emergence of Sankofa Practice in the United States: A Modern History, Journal of Black Studies, vol. 41, nº 1, 127-150.
TOASIJÉ, Antumi (2019): La historicidad de las comunidades africanas y africano-descendientes denominadas negras en España, en José Manuel MAROTO BLANCO y Rosalía LÓPEZ FERNÁNDEZ, Migraciones y población africana en España. Historias, relatos y prácticas de resistencia, Universidad de Granada, Granada: 105-126.
TOASIJÉ, Antumi (2020): Los desafíos de las comunidades africanas y africano-descendientes en España, en Itxaso DOMÍNGUEZ DE OLAZÁBAL y Elsa AIMÉ GONZÁLEZ (coords.) Informe África 2020. Transformaciones, movilización y continuidad, Fundación Alternativas, Madrid: 49-61.
TOASIJÉ, Antumi (2021): Black Lives Matter y el racismo estructural global, en Elsa AIMÉ GONZÁLEZ e Itxaso DOMÍNGUEZ DE OLAZÁBAL (coords.) Informe África 2021. Desafíos conjuntos para África y Europa bajo la pandemia, Fundación Alternativas, Madrid: 37-49.
TOASIJÉ, Antumi (2023): La historicidad de la España Afro, en Antumi TOASIJÉ; Dario RANOCCHIARY; Elena BENITO, Memoria negra. Retratos de figuras afro de la historia de España, Universidad de Granada, Granada: 19-27.
UNIÓN AFRICANA (2022) Statement of the African Union on the reported ill treatment of Africans trying to leave Ukraine, Recuperado el 31 de julio de 2024 de https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220228/statement-ill-treatment-africans-trying-leave-ukraine.
VERTOVEC, Steven (2005): The Political Importance of Diasporas, en Migration Information Source, disponible en: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/political-importance-diasporas/
VINSON, Robert T. (2018): Up from Slavery and Down with Apartheid! African Americans and Black South Africans against the Global Color Line, Journal of American Studies, vol. 52, nº 2: 297–329. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26803587.
WILLIAMS, Eric (1944): Capitalism and Slavery, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
ZELEZA, Paul Tiyambe (2010): African Diasporas: Toward a Global History, African Studies Review, vol. 53, nº 1: 1–19, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40863100.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2026-01-15 (2)
- 2026-01-15 (1)
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Elsa Aimé González, Alfredo Dos Santos Soares

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The articles are open access distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) Spain 4.0 license. Authors who publish in this journal agree with the following terms:
a) Authors retain the copyright and guarantee the journal the right to be the first publication of the work as well as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with a recognition of the authorship of the work and the Initial publication in this magazine.
b) Authors may separately establish additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (for example, place it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with recognition of its initial publication in this magazine.
c) Authors are allowed and encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (for example, in institutional repositories or on their own website) before and during the submission process, as it may result in productive exchanges, as well as a earliest and largest citation of published works (See The Effect of Open Access).

